Tai sao Thanh dieu Quan trong trong tieng Thai
Tieng Thai la ngon ngu thanh dieu — mau am dieu ban dung khi noi mot am tiet thay doi nghia cua tu. Day la diem co ban khac biet so voi nhieu ngon ngu khac, mac du tieng Viet cung la ngon ngu thanh dieu nen nguoi Viet se co loi the lon khi hoc tieng Thai.
Trong tieng Thai, co nam thanh dieu rieng biet, va cung mot to hop phu am va nguyen am co the tao ra nhung tu hoan toan khac nhau tuy theo thanh dieu ban ap dung. Day khong phai la su tinh te nang cao — no la dac diem cot loi cua ngon ngu anh huong den moi am tiet ban noi.
Sai thanh dieu co the hoan toan thay doi nghia trong tieng Thai. ไม่ (mai, thanh xuong) co nghia "khong", ไหม (mai, thanh len) la tieu tu nghi van, va ใหม่ (mai, thanh thap) co nghia "moi". Noi sai thanh dieu khong chi nghe la — no noi mot tu hoan toan khac. Thanh dieu khong phai tuy chon va khong the bo qua.
Nam Thanh dieu tieng Thai
1. Thanh Trung (สามัญ / saman)
Thanh trung phang va trung tinh — giong ban noi binh thuong khong len hay xuong. Day la thanh "mac dinh" va khong co dau thanh trong chu Thai.
กา
gaa
Qua. (thanh trung — am dieu phang, trung tinh)
ปลา
plaa
Ca. (thanh trung)
2. Thanh Thap (เอก / ek)
Thanh thap bat dau thap va giu thap, duoi muc noi tu nhien. Cam giac nhu noi trong am vuc tram va nhe. Dau thanh cho thanh thap la ่ (mai ek).
ก่า
gaa
(vi du thanh thap — bat dau va giu thap)
เข่า
khao
Dau goi. (thanh thap)
3. Thanh Xuong (โท / tho)
Thanh xuong bat dau cao va xuong manh, nhu bieu dat su that vong. Dau thanh la ้ (mai tho).
ก้า
gaa
(vi du thanh xuong — bat dau cao, xuong)
ข้าว
khao
Com/Gao. (thanh xuong — bat dau cao, xuong)
4. Thanh Cao (ตรี / tri)
Thanh cao bat dau cao va giu cao, nhu ban dang ngac nhien hoac goi ai do. Dau thanh la ๊ (mai tri).
ค้า
khaa
Thuong mai. (thanh cao)
โน๊ต
note
Ghi chu. (thanh cao)
5. Thanh Len (จัตวา / jattawa)
Thanh len bat dau thap va di len, tuong tu ngu dieu cau hoi — nhung ap dung cho tung am tiet, khong phai toan cau. Dau thanh la ๋ (mai jattawa).
ขา
khaa
Chan. (thanh len — bat dau thap, di len)
สวย
suay
Dep. (thanh len)
Cap Toi thieu Noi tieng
Cap toi thieu la nhung tu chi khac nhau ve thanh dieu — phu am va nguyen am giong nhau, nhung thanh dieu thay doi nghia hoan toan.
Bo "Mai"
Day la vi du noi tieng nhat ve su phan biet thanh dieu tieng Thai. Nam nghia khac nhau tu cung mot to hop phu am-nguyen am:
ไหม
mai (thanh len)
Tieu tu nghi van — "Co... khong?"
ใหม่
mai (thanh thap)
Moi — "Day la moi."
ไม่
mai (thanh xuong)
Khong — "Toi khong muon."
ไม้
mai (thanh cao)
Go / Gay — "mot mieng go."
Bo "Khao"
ข้าว
khao (thanh xuong)
Com/Gao — thuc pham chinh cua Thai Lan.
เขา
khao (thanh len)
Anh ay / Co ay — dai tu ngoi thu ba.
เข่า
khao (thanh thap)
Dau goi — bo phan co the.
เข้า
khao (thanh xuong)
Vao — "moi vao."
Cap "Suay"
สวย
suay (thanh len)
Dep — mot loi khen.
ซวย
suay (thanh trung)
Xui xeo — nguoc lai cua loi khen.
Nham lan สวย (dep) voi ซวย (xui xeo) khi khen ai do la loi kinh dien va dang nho ma nguoi hoc mac phai — va nguoi Thai thay vo cung hai huoc.
Cap "Glai"
ใกล้
glai (thanh xuong)
Gan — "No o gan."
ไกล
glai (thanh trung)
Xa — "No o xa."
Cap nay dac biet kho vi cac nghia la doi nghi hoan toan, nhung cac tu nghe gan nhu giong het nhau doi voi tai chua duoc luyen tap.
Dau Thanh trong Chu Thai
Chu Thai su dung bon dau thanh dat tren phu am de thay doi thanh dieu. Su vang mat cua dau thanh khong luon co nghia la thanh trung — thanh dieu thuc te phu thuoc vao lop phu am va loai am tiet.
| Dau Thanh | Ten | Ky hieu | Hieu ung |
|---|---|---|---|
| (khong) | — | — | Thanh dieu duoc xac dinh boi lop phu am va loai am tiet |
| ่ | mai ek | อ่ | Thuong tao thanh thap hoac xuong |
| ้ | mai tho | อ้ | Thuong tao thanh xuong hoac cao |
| ๊ | mai tri | อ๊ | Tao thanh cao |
| ๋ | mai jattawa | อ๋ | Tao thanh len |
Dau thanh khong anh xa mot-doi-mot voi nam thanh dieu. Thanh dieu thuc su duoc tao ra phu thuoc vao lop phu am (cao, trung, hoac thap) cua phu am dau. Cac quy tac thanh dieu day du bao gom lop phu am, do dai nguyen am, va am tiet "song" hay "chet". Su phuc tap nay la ly do hau het nguoi moi hoc thanh dieu theo tung tu thay vi theo quy tac.
Quy tac Thanh dieu: He thong Day du
Thanh dieu cua am tiet tieng Thai duoc xac dinh boi ba yeu to phoi hop:
-
Lop phu am — Phu am tieng Thai duoc chia thanh ba lop: cao (อักษรสูง), trung (อักษรกลาง), va thap (อักษรต่ำ). Moi lop tuong tac khac nhau voi dau thanh.
-
Do dai nguyen am — Nguyen am ngan va dai tao ra cac thanh dieu mac dinh khac nhau khi khong co dau thanh.
-
Am tiet song vs chet — Am tiet "song" ket thuc bang nguyen am dai hoac phu am vang (น, ม, ง, v.v.), trong khi am tiet "chet" ket thuc bang nguyen am ngan hoac phu am tat (ก, บ, ด, v.v.). Am tiet chet co kha nang thanh dieu bi han che.
Dung co ghi nho tat ca cac quy tac thanh dieu ngay tu dau. He thong day du la logic nhung phuc tap. Hau het nguoi hoc thanh cong bat dau bang cach bat chuoc nguoi ban ngu va hoc thanh dieu tung tu mot. Cac quy tac tro nen huu ich sau khi ban muon doc dung cac tu chua biet. Nghe va nhac lai hieu qua hon viec nghien cuu bang bieu khi moi bat dau.
Loi Thanh dieu Pho bien
Doc Phang
Nguoi hoc co xu huong doc tieng Thai voi ngu dieu phang va deu vi ngon ngu me de cua ho khong dung am dieu de phan biet nghia tu. Dieu nay lam cho loi noi tieng Thai nghe don dieu va co the lam tu khong the hieu duoc.
Ngu dieu Cau hoi
Nhieu ngon ngu tu nhien nang am dieu o cuoi cau hoi. Trong tieng Thai, am dieu len tren mot am tiet cu the co nghia la mot tu cu the — no khong tu dong bao hieu cau hoi. Cau hoi duoc hinh thanh bang tieu tu nhu ไหม, khong phai bang ngu dieu.
Bo qua Thanh dieu nhu "Tuy chon"
Mot so nguoi hoc coi thanh dieu nhu tinh nang nang cao se "them sau". Cach tiep can nay tao ra thoi quen rat kho sua. Thanh dieu nen duoc luyen tap tu tu dau tien ban hoc.
ไม่สวย
mai suay (xuong + len)
Khong dep.
ไหมสวย
mai suay (len + len)
Lua dep? (nghia hoan toan khac)
Nguoi Thai noi chung kien nhan va khuyen khich voi nguoi nuoc ngoai mac loi thanh dieu. Ho hieu rang ngon ngu thanh dieu la thach thuc doi voi nguoi noi ngon ngu khong co thanh dieu va thuong co gang hieu tu ngu canh. Tuy nhien, thanh dieu thuc su quan trong de duoc hieu — trong moi truong on ao, voi chu de khong quen thuoc, hoac khong co manh moi ngu canh, sai thanh dieu co the dan den hieu lam thuc su. Nguoi Thai danh gia cao nguoi hoc no luc voi thanh dieu, ngay ca khi chua hoan hao.
Bang tham khao nhanh
| Thanh | Ten Thai | Mau Am dieu | Dau | Vi du | Nghia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trung | สามัญ (saman) | Phang, trung tinh | (khong) | กา (gaa) | Qua |
| Thap | เอก (ek) | Thap, giu thap | ่ | เข่า (khao) | Dau goi |
| Xuong | โท (tho) | Bat dau cao, xuong | ้ | ข้าว (khao) | Com |
| Cao | ตรี (tri) | Cao, giu cao | ๊ | ค้า (khaa) | Thuong mai |
| Len | จัตวา (jattawa) | Bat dau thap, len | ๋ | ขา (khaa) | Chan |
Tham khao Cap Toi thieu
| Thanh | "mai" | "khao" | "glai" |
|---|---|---|---|
| Trung | — | — | ไกล (xa) |
| Thap | ใหม่ (moi) | เข่า (dau goi) | — |
| Xuong | ไม่ (khong) | ข้าว (com) | ใกล้ (gan) |
| Cao | ไม้ (go) | — | — |
| Len | ไหม (hoi) | เขา (anh ay/co ay) | — |
Tom tat
Thanh dieu tieng Thai khong phai trang tri — chung la co che cot loi phan biet tu nay voi tu khac. Cac diem chinh:
- Tieng Thai co nam thanh dieu — trung, thap, xuong, cao, va len — moi thanh tao ra tu khac nhau tu cung am tiet
- Sai thanh dieu noi tu khac — ไม่ (khong) vs ไหม (hoi) vs ใหม่ (moi) deu la "mai" voi thanh dieu khac
- Hoc thanh dieu tu ngay dau — dung coi no la chu de nang cao de them sau
- Nghe va bat chuoc — hieu qua hon viec ghi nho bang quy tac thanh dieu khi moi bat dau
- Dau thanh ton tai nhung hieu ung phu thuoc lop phu am — he thong logic nhung phuc tap
- Nguoi Thai kien nhan voi loi thanh dieu nhung thanh dieu quan trong cho giao tiep thuc
- Cap noi tieng nhu ใกล้/ไกล (gan/xa) va สวย/ซวย (dep/xui) cho thay tai sao dung thanh dieu la xung dang